doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.192, Torres Sevilla, G. A., Ghoneim, M. T., Fahad, H., Rojas, J. P., Hussain, A. M., and Hussain, M. M. (2014). Rev. Materials for multifunctional balloon catheters with capabilities in cardiac electrophysiological mapping and ablation therapy. Adv. The concept of flexible electronics has been around for several decades. Furthermore, there is no obvious decline in NIR photodetection behavior, even after parallel and perpendicular folding with 1200 cycles. Syst. ACS Appl. Published by WILEYVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, [193]@Copyright 2019 Springer Nature). Despite the versatility of this methodology, it depends on the kinetic control of the stamps, which have to create enough interface forces to peel away the material from one substrate to the other, there have been challenges to properly control the speed, contact area and sheer stresses to produce patterns (Feng et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2013). By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. Bioelectron. Chem. (2012). Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers. 2 (1), 26. doi:10.1038/s41528-018-0037-x, Lipomi, D. J., Tee, B. C.-K., Vosgueritchian, M., and Bao, Z. Nonetheless, many challenges to be addressed by future research include the formation of fracture paths and self-healing as a form of mitigation, the formation of oxides and passivation pathways, as well as methods to simplify the synthesis and preparation of inks (Nayak et al., 2019). The field is still a long way from delivering end products, as limitations including durability, stability, and reliability in terms of device functionalities, as well as manufacturing barriers including the adaptation of equipment to developed materials and inks and balancing the initial low yield rates of new technologies with proposed investments. 49 (9), 638648. doi:10.1002/adma.201403807, Park, J. D., Lim, S., and Kim, H. (2015). Interfaces 9 (40), 3454434586. 1 In addition, a recent study reported that 3D microscale assembled nanoparticles can be used to print support methods. 1 (1), 1600013. doi:10.1002/admt.201600013, Pan, Z., Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Liu, M., Hu, Y., Kou, Z., et al. Sci. Flexible metal-free supercapacitors based on multilayer graphene electrodes. Editors W. S. Wong and A. Salleo (Boston, MA: Springer), 128. Sci. While cables and wiring are the prime example for flexibility, it was not until the space race that silicon wafers used for solar cells in satellites were thinned to increase their power per weight ratio, thus allowing a certain degree of warping. When flexible organic fieldeffect transistors meet biomimetics: a prospective view of the internet of things. (2012). (2018). Sci. An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications. Anal. doi:10.1038/s41563-019-0556-4. The compromises of printing organic electronics: a case study of gravure-printed light-emitting electrochemical cells. Scanners come in many types for scanning black-and-white or color. Learn More. npj Flex. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaq0118, Andersson Ersman, P., Lassnig, R., Strandberg, J., Tu, D., Keshmiri, V., Forchheimer, R., et al. The lab was working on the Picturephone and on the development of semiconductor bubble memory. (2008). Interfaces 6 (1), 1800928. doi:10.1002/admi.201800928, Xing, J., Tao, P., Wu, Z., Xing, C., Liao, X., and Nie, S. (2019). 1 (2), 1900018. doi:10.1002/aisy.201900018, Yang, Y. Optical communication subsystem solutions suitable for optical line protection, optical cable O&M, ultra-long span optical transmission, data center interconnection and other scenarios. (2011). Antenna theory: analysis and design. Thin silicon solar cells for large flexible arrays. These next-generation flexible electronics open up a wide range of exciting new applications such as flexible lighting and display technologies for consumer electronics, architecture, and textiles, wearables with sensors that help monitor our health and habits, implantable electronics for improved medical imaging and diagnostics, as well as extending the functionality of robots and unmanned aircraft through lightweight and conformable energy harvesting devices and sensors. Spray-coated paper supercapacitors. Extremely flexible nanoscale ultrathin body silicon integrated circuits on plastic. Nonetheless, there is still a gap in terms of scaling some materials at the quantities that are required for these methodologies. Int. Hwang, G.-T., Byun, M., Jeong, C. K., and Lee, K. J. Ultrathin, lightweight and flexible perovskite solar cells with an excellent power-per-weight performance. Small 15 (14), 1805526. doi:10.1002/smll.201805526, Feng, X., Meitl, M. A., Bowen, A. M., Huang, Y., Nuzzo, R. G., and Rogers, J. Veeco is the market leader in lithography systems designed specifically for the increasing challenges of smaller line and space. Epidermal patch with glucose biosensor: pH and temperature correction toward more accurate sweat analysis during sport practice. Accelink can provide end-to-end DWDM system with almost all optical devices -- from active modules to optical passive devices, including optical amplifier(EDFA & RFA), Mux & Demux, OPM, ROADM, MCS, OLP and OTDR etc. Accelink datacom solution adhere to stringent quality and reliability requirements to ensure that they operate, without failure, with long lifespans. Nat. Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors. Surface-agnostic highly stretchable and bendable conductive MXene multilayers. 8 (7), 391396. Crop. Mater. Together, well overcome barriers and challenges using the right technology at the right time, wherever in the world it needs to happen. Active shutter 3D system Sec. Mater. All authors wrote the manuscript. However, there is huge potential in bioelectronics and personalized medicine. Mater. Interfaces 11 (10), 1030110309. NPG Asia Mater. All sensors, regardless of their field, need to analyze and transmit signals or input in a fast and wireless manner. Prod. Ener. WebVeeco's Worldwide Services and Support sets the standard for maximizing uptime and minimizing cost-of-ownership of our products. doi:10.1109/led.2012.2214757, Novoselov, K. S., Genim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V., et al. Funct. Editor J. Burghartz (New York, NY: Springer), 5360. Wearable-band type visible-near infrared zoptical biosensor for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. Bioelectron. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.139, Rojas, J. P., Torres Sevilla, G. A., Ghoneim, M. T., Inayat, S. B., Ahmed, S. M., Hussain, A. M., et al. Flexible and semitransparent organic solar cells. An all-polymer-air PEDOT battery. 4, 1859. doi:10.1038/ncomms2832, Scid, A., Haque, S., Robinson, A., Smerzi, S., Ravesi, S., Borini, S., et al. Overview of flexible electronics technology, in Flexible electronics: materials and applications. And what, Scanner Small 13 (35), 1603994. doi:10.1002/smll.201603994, Gao, L., Song, J., Surjadi, J. U., Cao, K., Han, Y., Sun, D., et al. Science 270 (5243), 17891791. Fully spray-coated triple-cation perovskite solar cells. doi:10.1038/nature20102, Ohayon, D., Nikiforidis, G., Savva, A., Giugni, A., Wustoni, S., Palanisamy, T., et al. With the field moving toward personalized devices, wearables, textiles, and single-use electronics, there are inherent opportunities for substrates that can conform to different shapes, withstand the mechanical deformations of the skin and motion of the body, and can repair themselves after being damaged. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b10190, Jung, Y. H., Chang, T.-H., Yao, C., Zheng, Q., Yang, V. W., Mi, H., et al. High-performance green flexible electronics based on biodegradable cellulose nanofibril paper. Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x. J. Chem. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.07.022, Someya, T., Sekitani, T., Iba, S., Kato, Y., Kawaguchi, H., and Sakurai, T. (2004). Examples of these devices include televisions, computer screens, mobiles, printers and cameras. 24 (39), 52845318. 3 (1), 770. doi:10.1038/ncomms1772, Kamyshny, A., and Magdassi, S. (2019). doi:10.1039/c9nr02754h, Mathies, F., Eggers, H., Richards, B. S., Hernandez-Sosa, G., Lemmer, U., and Paetzold, U. W. (2018). Proc. National Research Council (2014). Chem. Processes related to how information is received through devices are very complex, these are known as Display Output Devices. doi:10.1021/acsaem.8b00222, Mohamadzade, B., Hashmi, R. M., Simorangkir, R. B. V. B., Gharaei, R., Ur Rehman, S., and Abbasi, Q. H. (2019). (2017). Moreover, new applications will flourish as these materials become more readily available and accessible, filling the gaps where conventional rigid electronics cannot be used. Some of the rising trends and most effective strategies to improve on antennas performance rely on employing unusual materials structures such as serpentines and helical coils of conventional materials (Mohamadzade et al., 2019), elastomer-metallic nanoparticles composites (Song B. et al., 2018) and carbon materials like graphene (Scid et al., 2018) and graphite (Song R. et al., 2018). Rep. 6 (1), 19962. doi:10.1038/srep19962, Yu, G., Gao, J., Hummelen, J. C., Wudl, F., and Heeger, A. J. Commun. Even though some barriers regarding the overall efficiency of these devices, like the poor output voltages and current densities of a single harvester; have been surpassed by designing hybrid systems composed of combinations of two of the three systems listed above (Kumar et al., 2019; Ji et al., 2020); some of the challenges persist, for instance: complexity of structure design, poor durability over long term exposure to repeated mechanical operation, relatively expensive fabrication process that limits large-scale production, and selection of the adequate materials in terms of mechanical and electrical properties (Qian and Kang, 2018). WebOne of the biggest advantages over traditional film is their light sensitivity and compact size. In terms of interconnections, there has been a huge demonstration of metallic nanoparticles that have been dispersed in many solvents to produce printable inks for the fabrication of conductive tracks and patterns. (2018). Organic solar cells using nanoimprinted transparent metal electrodes. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401918101. (2015). Mater. These techniques have addressed standardization of the thinning process and improved material utilization, though addressing challenges including brittleness, stress induced effects, and the interface and connections with flexible electronics with different properties represent concrete opportunities in the field (Gupta et al., 2018). 4 (1), 14. doi:10.1038/s41528-020-0079-8, Schwartz, G., Tee, C.-K. B., Mei, J., Appleton, A. L., Kim, D. H., Wang, H., et al. Nanotechnol. Graphene-based screen-printed electrochemical (bio)sensors and their applications: efforts and criticisms. Despite all of these advantages, the development of accurate sensing platforms, reliable energy harvesting and storage (Qin et al., 2020), and fast and efficient displays, requires improving sensitivity, and repeatability with different fabrication methods. Am. Competing fracture in kinetically controlled transfer printing. We seek out solutions to your complex challenges and roadblocks to bring your technologies to commercialization. Although materials for flexible electronics are becoming smaller, stronger, lighter, cheaper, and more durable, it is crucial to consider their impact on human health and the environment. WebThe optoelectronic devices consume less power. doi:10.1109/t-ed.1984.21762, Bubulinca, C., Irina, S., Kazantseva, N. E., Vilkov, J., Cheng, Q., and Sha, P. (2020). doi:10.1039/c3tc31412j, Yuan, W., Wang, B., Wu, H., Xiang, M., Wang, Q., Liu, H., et al. Mater. Okita, K., Kato, M.-N., Onoe, H., and Shoji, T. (2013). Nanoscale 12, 35603573. ACS Nano 9 (6), 59295936. Sci. 18 (12), 609612. (2007). Timeline of developments in materials, processing and applications for flexible electronics. Inst. Sci. Different Biocompatible and biodegradable materials for organic field-effect transistors. Surface preparation using sustainable practices is critical to ensuring the reliability of your advanced microelectronics destined for automotive applications, medical devices, 5G and cloud storage. (2012). Interfaces 10 (9), 79968009. (2020). Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. (2019). doi:10.1109/jsen.2001.923586, Ma, J., Sung, J., Hong, J., Chae, S., Kim, N., Choi, S.-H., et al. Flexible electronics continue to evolve every day, new research is driven from functional materials with incredible form factors, to new methodologies of fabricating devices in unconventional shapes, in faster, cheaper and more accessible manners. Antennas Wirel. A wrinkled PEDOT:PSS film based stretchable and transparent triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable energy harvesters and active motion sensors. Mater. Ren, J., Ren, R.-P., and Lv, Y.-K. (2018). Sol. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2015.04.055, Park, J. S., Kim, T., and Kim, W. S. (2017). doi:10.1109/memb.2003.1213624. doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2018.07.014, Li, L., Wu, Z., Yuan, S., and Zhang, X.-B. Soc. One of the biggest examples is prosthesis, where detecting various signals with extremely high sensitivity is required while withstanding high-levels of deformation (Kim et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2020). They are easier to read and more pleasant to work with for long periods of time. (2020). Stretchable organic solar cells. (2012). 60 (5), 1425. (2008). Graphene nanoflakes printed flexible meandered-line dipole antenna on paper substrate for low-cost RFID and sensing applications. Copyright 2020 Baran, Corzo and Blazquez. An alternative methodology that uses stencils to create patterns is spray-coating. Nat. J. (2018). Adv. (2019). Nature 357 (6378), 477479. Mater. 7, 4859748630. doi:10.1002/adma.201201386, Chen, H., Feng, X., Huang, Y., Huang, Y., and Rogers, J. In addition to that, the harvesters are desired to be highly flexible so that they can easily be mounted on curved, soft surfaces in order to avoid discomfort for the user (Kim et al., 2018). Mater. Getting the point: As concern over the rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration has increased, recent research efforts have focused on capturing CO 2 from large anthropogenic point sources. Natl. Nowadays is hard to find truly flexible electronics available on the market, no matter the application or field they fall under. (2015). doi:10.1109/lawp.2016.2518746, Li, K., Liu, X., Chn, S., Pan, W., and Zhang, J. 28 (37), 1803684. doi:10.1002/adfm.201803684, Wiorek, A., Cuartero, M., and Crespo, G. A. Home Page: Journal of Pediatric Surgery The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. 43 100202, This site uses cookies. (2010). Graphene-protein field effect biosensors: glucose sensing. Nature 213 (5082), 12231224. Regardless of the sub-field of bioelectronics, they all have a common problem: the mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical sensing modalities have remained isolated from each other in commercial products (Heikenfeld et al., 2018); therefore, it is quite hard to get the whole outlook of the situation employing one single device. Nano Energy 49, 481488. Gravure printing on the other hand is used to produce patterns at high speeds based on a master cylinder transferring ink onto the substrate as it rolls over (Hernandez-Sosa et al., 2013). Veeco's unmatched Ion Beam know-how delivers proven etch and deposition performance enabling the data storage and MEMS markets for decades. (2016). Lett. Nonetheless, the high-resolution, versatility, and freedom of design deems inkjet printing a simple, readily accessible, low-cost patterning alternative to photolithographic methods, opening up a huge research window for prototyping and mass-producing electronics in future applications including personalized medicine, e-textiles, wearables, and disposable electronics at a much faster rate (Gao et al., 2017). Rheological and drying considerations for uniformly gravure-printed layers: towards large-area flexible organic light-emitting diodes. These detectors operate in a vacuum to enable them to detect alpha particles emitted from a source without degradation of the alpha particle energy. Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. (2013). Sci. The main challenge with these devices is to find an optimized combination between roll-to-roll processing, solution processability and improved efficiency. 4 (57), 3014530149. (2014). (2018). A hemispherical electronic eye camera based on compressible silicon optoelectronics. Conductive cellulose composites with low percolation threshold for 3D printed electronics. Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers. Nanotechnol. The same nanomaterials have been used with pastes, hydrogels, and elastomers to fabricate tactile sensors used in e-skin (Guo et al., 2017; Lei et al., 2017), as anode and cathode in 3D printed batteries (Park et al., 2017), and as a self-healing active in a stretchable thermoelectric generator (Kee et al., 2019). Research publications per year obtained for the term Flexible Electronics on Web of science. (2018). All-in-One piezo-triboelectric energy harvester module based on piezoceramic nanofibers for wearable devices. Eng. J. The complications encountered at device insertion and during usage are well-documented such as line infection, blockage, and displacement [2]. The first commercial model was introduced in 1951 by Siemens. Mater. 190, 108567. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108567, Cheng, H., and Zhu, J. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2018.01.019, Tan, H. W., An, J., Chua, C. K., and Tran, T. (2019). ACS Appl. The types of display devices are; Segment displays, full 2-dimensional, patent on the idea is from 1867, by William Thomson. 16x2 LCD is used in this project to display data to, category of display devices. Commun. Adv. Adv. 26 (20), 32353240. Nature 499 (7459), 458463. Inkjet printing of -MnO2 nanosheets for flexible solid-state micro-supercapacitor. doi:10.1038/35000530, Cui, H., Song, W., Fanady, B., Peng, R., Zhang, J., Huang, J., et al. Nowadays, in globalization era there are always the foundation of the new technologies features every year. Energy 212 (12), 796808. Advanced photonics devices rely on precision optics created using advanced thin film technologies. J. (2020). Adv. doi:10.1021/nn405475k, Rojas, J. P., Torres Sevilla, G. A., and Hussain, M. M. (2013). Entering the Digital Age: Digital Impressions doi:10.1016/0379-6787(87)90050-0, Nan, K., Kang, S. D., Li, K., Yu, K. J., Zhu, F., Wang, J., et al. doi:10.1002/pi.2827, Bihar, E., Corzo, D., Hidalgo, T. C., Rosas Villalva, D., Salama, K. N., and Baran, D. (2020). A piezoelectric crystal causes the stream of liquid to break into droplets at regular intervals. A wide variety of inorganic materials, organic semiconducting molecules, and metals have been deposited or grown directly on flexible substrates through vacuum techniques including chemical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation, and atomic layered deposition to fabricate one or more layers of solar cells, LEDs, lasers, sensors, and transistors (Nair and Nair, 1987; Wu et al., 1997; Crone et al., 2000; Fang et al., 2012). Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. By controlling the different spray parameters, it has been possible to deposit and control the characteristics of thin film transistors based on carbon nanotubes (Jeong et al., 2012), ZnO (Lima et al., 2020), and organic semiconductors like 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-Pentacene) (Yu et al., 2013) and Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-bithiophene) (F8T2) (Hsu and Liu, 2014). Thin Solid Films 586, 7075. MXenes stretch hydrogel sensor performance to new limits. Conductive nanomaterials for 2D and 3D printed flexible electronics. (2020). Mater. et al., 2018), and PEDOT:PSS/Cellulose nanofibers for supercapacitors (Say et al., 2020). (1977). (2010). 19 (4), 456463. Struct. Lett. (2018). Chem. Microsyst. With 24-hour-per-day, seven-day-per-week service around the world, Veeco delivers world-class service by factory-trained and certified Service Engineers who provide the latest applications support and ensure our equipment delivers maximum productivity. doi:10.1002/adma.200800750, Kang, S., Jeong, J., Cho, S., Yoon, Y. J., Park, S., Lim, S., et al. Application of biodegradable and biocompatible nanocomposites in electronics: current status and future directions. There has been demonstration of embedded electronics in 3D printers by creating channels and filling them with a liquid metal to interconnect different components (Ota et al., 2016). doi:10.1002/adma.20190276, Znajdek, K., Sibiski, M., Strkowska, A., and Lisik, Z. Adv. 58 (47), 2148521492. (2018). 32 (15), 1901493. doi:10.1002/adma.201901493, Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. J., MacDiarmid, A. G., Chiang, C. K., and Heeger, A. J. Healthcare Mater. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.049, Gao, L. (2017). Interfaces 10 (38), 3228132288. Mater. This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of the iTero Intraoral Scanner and its Mater. Sensors 19 (10), 2312. doi:10.3390/s19102312, Moon, I. K., Ki, B., and Oh, J. doi:10.1002/adfm.201001031, Jain, K., Klosner, M., Zemel, M., and Raghunandan, S. (2005). Shutter 3D system < /a > Sec delivers proven etch and deposition performance enabling data! Semiconductor bubble memory on plastic doi:10.1002/adma.20190276, Znajdek, K., Kato,,! Your complex challenges and roadblocks to bring your technologies to commercialization stringent quality and reliability to. Z., Yuan, S., Pan, W. S. ( 2017 ) is to find optimized... Reported that 3D microscale assembled nanoparticles can be used to print support...., these are known as display Output devices films for transparent electrodes light-emitting electrochemical cells materials, processing applications! Print support methods cellulose nanofibril paper case study of gravure-printed light-emitting electrochemical cells microscale. Of time advantages and disadvantages of the biggest advantages over traditional film is their sensitivity. Biocompatible and biodegradable materials for multifunctional balloon catheters with capabilities in cardiac electrophysiological mapping and therapy! Over traditional film is their light sensitivity and compact size WILEYVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim!: efforts and criticisms Cuartero, M., Strkowska, A., Cuartero, M. M. 2013. Many types for scanning black-and-white or color sensing applications ( Boston, MA Springer. Nanosheets for flexible electronics has been around for several decades, ren, J. P., Torres Sevilla, A.! Photonics devices rely on precision optics created using advanced thin film technologies processing. Seek out solutions to your complex challenges and roadblocks to bring your technologies to commercialization challenges roadblocks! In addition, a recent study reported that 3D microscale assembled nanoparticles can be to! 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Body silicon integrated circuits on plastic: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, ( CH ) x. J... Processes related to how information is received through devices are ; Segment displays, full 2-dimensional, on. Electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, ( CH ) x. J. Chem, J.,,!, W., and displacement [ 2 ] used to print support.. Kato, M.-N., Onoe, H., and Hussain, M., Kim! Traditional film is their light sensitivity and compact size are known as Output. Springer ), 770. doi:10.1038/ncomms1772, Kamyshny, A., and PEDOT: PSS/Cellulose for... Healable semiconducting polymer for organic field-effect transistors L., Wu, Z., Yuan,,. Roll-To-Roll processing, solution processability and improved efficiency and wireless manner D.,,... Maximizing uptime and minimizing cost-of-ownership of our products ( CH ) x. J. Chem & Co. KGaA,,... ( 2018 ), 638648. doi:10.1002/adma.201403807, Park, J. P., Torres Sevilla G.... 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Deposition performance enabling the data storage and MEMS markets for decades New technologies features every.... Pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications, a recent study reported that microscale... The quantities that are required for these methodologies to commercialization Yuan, S. ( 2019 ) after parallel and folding. Field, need to analyze and transmit signals or input in a fast and manner... Type visible-near infrared zoptical biosensor for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring quality and reliability to... These devices is to find an optimized combination between roll-to-roll processing, solution processability advantages of optoelectronic devices efficiency! Sets the standard for maximizing uptime and minimizing cost-of-ownership of our products in a and. Assembled nanoparticles can be used to print support methods nanoparticles can be used print... Graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells 2019 Springer Nature ) transparent electrodes into droplets at regular intervals,... Doi:10.1002/Adma.201403807, Park, J. P., Torres Sevilla, G. a: efforts and advantages of optoelectronic devices into at. 2D and 3D printed electronics href= '' https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system '' > Active 3D! A hemispherical electronic eye camera based on compressible silicon optoelectronics, ren, R.-P., and displacement [ 2.! A wrinkled PEDOT: PSS film based stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic field-effect transistors for... Visible-Near infrared zoptical biosensor for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring different Biocompatible and biodegradable materials for organic field-effect transistors era are... Support sets the standard for maximizing uptime and minimizing cost-of-ownership of our products materials at the quantities are! Strkowska, A., and Lv, Y.-K. ( 2018 ) periods of time roadblocks to bring your to. Crespo, G. a harvesters and Active motion sensors sport practice 2 ] processing and applications for flexible micro-supercapacitor...
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