Factor. For example, suppose you chose to do all the additions first, and then the subtractions: Be aware that some symbols might look like variables but are actually known numbers. 2. Level up your tech skills and stay ahead of the curve. 292,259 views Jan 3, 2018 TabletClass Math http://www.tabletclass.com learn the basics of algebra quickly. Always check your answers. This process, called Gauss-Jordan elimination, saves time. Multiplication makes repeated addition easier. Then everything started coming back. I blame the gap on poor linear algebra education. (Yes, $F(x) = x + 3$ happens to be the equation for an offset line, but its still not linear because $F(10) \neq 10 \cdot F(1)$. Integrals let measurements curve and undulate as we go: well add their contribution, regardless. To learn how to apply algebras order of operations, keep reading! We'll find what obliterates our errors and puts our system in the ideal state. And yes, when we decide to treat inputs as vector coordinates, the operations matrix will transform our vectors. It's still a jumble of components: $x^2$, $x$ and 6 are flying everywhere. and avoid real-world topics until the final week, If 3 feet forward has a 1-foot rise, then going 10x as far should give a 10x rise (30 feet forward is a 10-foot rise), If 3 feet forward has a 1-foot rise, and 6 feet has a 2-foot rise, then (3 + 6) feet should have a (1 + 2) foot rise, We have predictable, linear operations to perform (our mini-arithmetic), We generate a result, perhaps transforming it again, Use an L shape. It seems that arithmetic still works, even when we don't have the exact numbers up front. Understanding algebra can seem tricky at first. (My intuition here is weak, and Id like to explore more. Algebra is just like a puzzle where we start with something like "x 2 = 4" and we want to end And if we merge them into a single matrix: Whoa its the identity matrix, which copies 3 inputs to 3 outputs, unchanged. You will need to reduce the problem to an actual numerical solution, such as x=4. You need to find a value for the variable that can make the problem come true. If Component A or Component B becomes 0, the structure collapses, and we get 0 as a result. However, linear algebra is mainly about matrix transformations, not solving large sets of equations (itd be like using Excel for your shopping list). Were getting organized: inputs in vertical columns, operations in horizontal rows. No! Imagine I want to know the area of an unknown square. Similarly, we need to learn the rules for how integrals/derivatives work when added, multiplied, and so on. (Unfactorable? Better Explained focuses on the big picture the Aha! An equation, on the other hand, contains an = sign. If you perform the steps in any other order, you may come up with a different, incorrect result. Yes, there are fancy rules for special categories (what to do with ex, natural log, sine, cosine, etc. Horizontal & vertical lines Slope-intercept form intro Writing slope-intercept equations Graphing two-variable inequalities. If our inputs have 3 components, our operations should expect 3 items. Math, Better Explained: Learn to Unlock Your Math Intuition Learning to "factor an equation" is the process of arranging your teepee. Bob has \$600 in AAPL, \$1900 in GOOG, and \$500 in MSFT, with a net profit of \$0. That is why factoring rocks: we re-arrange our error-system into a fragile teepee, so we can break it. But this should make sense: if you rewrite an "$x^4$ system" into multiplications, shouldn't there be 4 individual "$x$ components" being multiplied? Component A must be there AND Component B must be there. Fancy that! and Transl. Cookieduck is unblocked games collection which games are able to be played instantly on any device, such as a low end Chromebook. You need to manipulate the problem into some simpler form than before, but you will not wind up with what you might consider an answer. You will probably not have a single numerical value for the variable. When are we happiest? Consider the add three function $F(x) = x + 3$: We doubled the input and did not double the output. We usually write a matrix with a capital letter (F), and a single input column with lowercase (x). Consider spinning a globe: every location faces a new direction, except the poles. Know that an expression is a collection of numbers and variables which can be simplified or factored, but an equation, which always has an = sign, can also be solved. the opposite, in We can crunch the numbers by hand, or use a Wolfram Alpha (calculation): (Note: Inputs should be in columns, but its easier to type rows. Similarly, multiplication lets us scale up the average element (once weve found it) into the full amount. Most courses hit you in the face with the details of a matrix. How about a list: Not bad. Imagine taking a pile of sticks (our messy, disorganized system) and standing them up so they support each other, like a teepee: Remove any stick and the entire structure collapses. Let's clarify a bit. I can finally respond to Why is linear algebra useful? with Why are spreadsheets useful?. BEST UNBLOCKED GAMES. Heres a nice diagram and video.). Time for the red pill. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. Understanding Algebra: Why do we factor equations? Well, calculus extends algebra with two more operations: integrals and derivatives. Whenever you finish a problem, work back through it to see if your solution makes the equation check out correctly. Time to expand our brains. Look for key words like solve, simplify, factor, or reduce" so you know what action to perform. Introduction to Algebra - Math is Fun He teaches all levels of math including calculus, pre-algebra, algebra I, geometry, and SAT/ACT math prep. Similarly, \( \textit{speed} = \frac{d}{dt} \textit{distance} \) explains that we can split our trajectory into time segments, and the (potentially unique) amount we moved in that time slice was the speed. a letter (usually an x or y, but any letter is fine). We keep the dummy entry, and can do more slides later. A matrix is a shorthand for our diagrams: A matrix is a single variable representing a spreadsheet of inputs or operations. Which operations are linear and predictable? We aren't trying to make words with it! The survivors are physicists, graphics programmers and other masochists. Look for common terms. Linear algebra emerged in the 1800s yet spreadsheets were invented in the 1980s. And it doesn't have to be x, it could be y or w or any letter or symbol we like. While, algebra involves variables like x, y, z, and mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication . Remember: We're breaking the error in the system, not the system itself. If your highest term is $x^4$, then you can factor into 4 interlocked components (discussion for another day). When were done, we can follow the instructions again. You need to find a way to turn the problem into smaller terms. The first three operations are a modified copy and the last brings the changes together. These dollar values could come from another matrix that multiplied the number of shares by their price. But if you build up a strong basic knowledge of beginner math facts and learn some of the language of algebra, you can understand it much more easily. Our mini arithmetic seems limiting: multiplications, but no addition? These metaphors are helping me think with matrices, more than the classes I aced. Imagine a rooftop: move forward 3 horizontal feet (relative to the ground) and you might rise 1 foot in elevation (The slope! An equation like distance = speed d t tells us how to find total distance by breaking time into instants (split along the "t" axis), and accumulating the (potentially unique) distance traveled each instant ( speed d t ). Plain-old scaling by a constant, or functions that look like: $F(x) = ax$. In our example, the input (a, b, c) goes against operation F and outputs 3a + 4b + 5c. To reduce a problem generally involves a combination of factoring and then simplifying. Mnemonics are ok with context, and heres what I use: Why does RC ordering make sense? Because 6 2 = 4. I dont need the full list.). With arithmetic, we learned special techniques for combining whole numbers, decimals, fractions, and roots/powers. Join . Count down the L, then across, Rotate: make new coordinates based on old ones (East becomes North, North becomes West, etc. Ed. The determinant is the size of the output transformation. So he sent them each on a quest, in turn, to go and look at a pear tree that was a great distance away. Our system is the probability of our game winning, the "desired state" is a 50-50 (fair) outcome. By using our site, you agree to our. The key rule to remember is that any operation you make to one side of the equation, you must also do the same to the opposite side of the equation. What if we want the metric version? Know the importance of reciprocals. When we write a polynomial like $x^2 + x = 6$, we can think at a higher level. Multiplication is often seen as AND. Developing Math Intuition 2. We have an unknown number, $x$, which interacts with itself ($x * x = x^2$). Grade-school algebra explores the relationship between unknown numbers. Non-zeroable?). Instead of giving up, go ask for some help. unlocking this expert answer. ), The 4 output operations should be: Update Apple value, Update Google value, Update Microsoft value, Compute Profit. Theyre not, unless you want a tool used to attack nearly every real-world problem. As the matrix evolves into the identity matrix, the values of x, y and z are revealed on the output side. Graphing lines and slope. The real world isnt so smooth. Sometimes we want to use the average item, not the fancy calculus steps, because its a simpler representation of the whole (Whats the average transaction size? Did you know you can get expert answers for this article? Add and subtract single digit numbers in your head quickly. Go beyond details and grasp the concept (, If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough. Einstein The topics in Math, Better Explained include: 1. Multiplication, because it deals with static quantities, can only measure the area of rectangles. The fancy stuff can wait. Ask a businessman if theyd rather donate a kidney or be banned from Excel forever. We didnt need an input portfolio, we applied one matrix directly to the other. meets our requirements: I've wondered about the real purpose of factoring for a long, long time. In algebra class, equations are conveniently set to zero, and we're not sure why. Go beyond details and grasp the concept (, If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough. Einstein An equation like \( \textit{distance} = \int \textit{speed} \ dt \) tells us how to find total distance by breaking time into instants (split along the t axis), and accumulating the (potentially unique) distance traveled each instant (\( \textit{speed} \cdot dt \)). Better Explained helps 450k monthly readers Here's a few popular articles to get you started: Developing Math Intuition Imaginary Numbers Exponents and the Number e The Natural Logarithm Euler's Formula The Fourier Transform Introduction To Calculus Bayes' Theorem Linear Algebra Intro Intuitive Trigonometry I have a list of translated articles, just contact me if you have any to add. Thanks a lot for this, now I am able to solve. "Linear Algebra" means, roughly, "line-like relationships". Consider the problem. Imagine a rooftop: move forward 3 horizontal feet Join 450k Monthly (relative to the ground) and you might rise 1 foot in elevation (The slope! Because we have several inputs (A) and outputs (B), theyre considered matrices too: Matrix size is measured as RxC: row count, then column count, and abbreviated m x n (I hear ya, r x c would be easier to remember). a better understanding of Algebra than we do. - VietJack Fun.). The eigenvector and eigenvalue represent the axes of the transformation. Lets clarify a bit. Is there any way to prevent a system from having these weak points? Select a subject, verb and object. Whatever remains is the reduced form of the original problem. The recipe is input to modify. In math terms, an operation F is linear if scaling inputs scales the output, and adding inputs adds the outputs: In our example, $F(x)$ calculates the rise when moving forward x feet, and the properties hold: An operation is a calculation based on some inputs. Try the questions below, then read Introduction to Algebra - Multiplication, 1725,1726,1727,1728,3135,3136,3137,3138,3850,3851, So, let us have a go at subtracting 5 from. The derivative gives a formula (\( 2 \pi r \)) that describes every ring (just plug in r). Integrals let us add up the pattern directly. This article was co-authored by Daron Cam. The inverse of division is multiplication. Items in the matrix are referenced the same way: aij is the ith row and jth column (I hear ya, i and j are easily confused on a chalkboard). Next, conjugate the verb. Algebra is great fun - you get to solve puzzles! In comparison, an algebra course will cover topics like functions, systems, exponents, inequalities, graphing, and logarithms. Ok. First, how should we track a bunch of inputs? We could try this: But it wont work: F expects 3 inputs, not 6. He wanted his sons to learn not to judge things too quickly. Its pretty neat: gluing together and splitting apart should behave like opposites, right? A negative plus a negative will also be negative. If either condition is false, the system breaks. if there are several empty ), Input data: stock portfolios with dollars in Apple, Google and Microsoft stock, Operations: the changes in company values after a news event. There's plenty more to help you build a lasting, intuitive understanding of math. Doing these steps carefully and in order should get you to the solution. If we have a system and the desired state, we can make a new equation to track the difference -- and try make it zero. 3 You can try 3Blue1Brown videos on YouTube, they go to a reasonable degree of depth and the animations are very good (almost all explanations are done through animation, allowing for a visual understanding of analytic continuation for example). The idea of "matching a system to its desired state" is just one interpretation of why factoring is useful. Multiplying or dividing two negative numbers gives a positive answer. Now that we have the official symbols, lets see how to bring arithmetic and algebra to the next level. For example, the Greek symbol pi, For example, when you start with the equation, You can only add or subtract the same variable. You need to know the concept of reciprocal numbers. Don't forget, we thought systems like $x^2 + 1$ were "non-zeroable" until imaginary numbers came along. In our roof example, $a = 1/3$. Multiplication, it seems. Lesson 6: Improving Arithmetic And Algebra - BetterExplained I cant measure the area, but I overheard someone saying it was 13.3 inches on a side. Grade-school algebra explores the relationship between unknown numbers. But life isnt too boring. the newsletter for bonus content and the latest updates. Yes, because you asked nicely. Expert Interview. Solve. This is similar to simplify, and is usually used with complex polynomials or fractions. This will keep the equation balanced and still equal. If you start with a subtraction problem, you will cancel it the same way with addition: Do the same to cancel a division problem with multiplication. Basic arithmetic operations comprise numbers along with mathematical operations such as +, -, x, . Assuming 3 inputs, we can whip up a few 1-operation matrices: The Adder is just a + b + c. The Averager is similar: (a + b + c)/3 = a/3 + b/3 + c/3. Remember learning that along with add/subtract/multiply/divide, we could take powers and roots? Every step is important, and in order to understand a simple equation, you must fully comprehend each step. Improved Algebra Lesson 7 Linear Changes Lesson 8 Squared Changes Lesson 9 Infinity Lesson 10 Derivatives Lesson 11 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Lesson 12 Rules: Add, Multiply, Invert Lesson 13 Patterns In the Rules Lesson 14 Rules: Powers, Division Lesson 15 Archimedes' Formulas Calculus Summary The big insights. Just remember that vectors are examples of data to modify. "Algebra" means, roughly, "relationships". Thus, the reciprocal of. If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough. Einstein A series of multiplications becomes a series of integrals (called a triple integral). Better Explained helps 450k monthly readers 2, in this case. College Math vs. Algebra: The Differences Explained f3/22/2020 An Intuitive Guide to Linear Algebra - BetterExplained "Linear Algebra" means, roughly, "line-like relationships". Next, how should we track our operations? My intuition: factoring lets us re-arrange a complex system ($x^2 + x - 6$) as a bunch of linked, smaller systems. Explained step by step and in a way that made algebra seem simpler and less. In fact, we can only multiply matrices when n = p. The output matrix has m operation rows for each input, and q inputs, giving a m x q matrix. Despite two linear algebra classes, my knowledge consisted of Matrices, determinants, eigen something something. Whats happening? So let's fight with a trick of our own: we can make a different system to track the error in our original one (this is mind-bending, so hang on). (This is deeper than just "subtract 6 from both sides" -- we're trying to describe the error!). But how do we actually get the error to zero? It goes against operation G and outputs 3a + 0 + 0. Work with your teacher. Surprisingly, regular addition isnt linear either. So, what types of functions are actually linear? Its explanations on the natural logarithm, imaginary numbers, exponents and the Pythagorean Theorem are among the most-visited in the world. Adding two negative numbers together makes the number more negative. What trajectory hits the target? Here's what happens in the real world: When error = 0, our system must be in the desired state. Without the parentheses, the first expression . If there were 3, you could never get to $x^4$, and if there were 5, you'd overshoot and get an $x^5$ term. All you can do to an expression is simplify or factor it. Well, in Algebra we don't use blank boxes, we use Two negative signs together cancel each other out. Understand Algebra in 10 min - YouTube Know division and factors for numbers up through 144 (12x12). with Firstly when anyone mentioned algebra, I felt, "Nicely worded and non-complicated. Mini-arithmetic isnt so limited after all. that's why we're so interested in setting polynomials to zero! boxes (several "unknowns") we can use a different letter for each one. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. We should separate the inputs into groups: And how could we run the same input through several operations? but the +5 is in the way of that! Daron holds a BA from the University of California, Berkeley and a math teaching credential from St. Mary's College. Lets spice it up: how should we handle multiple sets of inputs? There's plenty more to help you build a lasting, intuitive understanding of math. Now I feel more prepared for my test. Enjoy the article? Lets learn to think with linear algebra: The input vector could be (\$Apple, \$Google, \$Microsoft), showing the dollars in each stock. Master the process for acing tough classes, accelerating your career and learning anything quickly. "What helped me most in this article is that they really get the point out that you need to understand before, "This article helped me review what I studied in school on algebra. The Transpose operation, indicated by t (tau), converts rows to columns.). with Limiting ourselves to linear operations has its advantages. Imaginary Numbers 6. In algebra class, equations are conveniently set to zero, and we're not sure why. With our simpler notation, we can write \( \int \frac{d}{dr} \textit{Area} = \textit{Area} \) instead of the bulky \( \int_0^r \left( \frac{d}{dr} \textit{Area} \right) \ dr = \textit{Area} \). by Frederic Rosen - 'Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Hwarizmi 1831 All the . Later on, we might arrange these "hidden numbers" in complex ways: Whoa -- a bit harder to solve, but it's possible. But theres a big limitation: we must use identical, average-sized pieces. What's algebra about? Our operations matrix is 23 and our input matrix is 32. An early use of tables of numbers (not yet a matrix) was bookkeeping for linear systems: We can avoid hand cramps by adding/subtracting rows in the matrix and output, vs. rewriting the full equations. 1.1 Introduction to surface area of 3-dimensional shapes 1.2 Nets of 3-dimensional shapes 1.3 Surface area of 3-dimensional shapes 1.4 Surface area of prisms 1.5 Surface area of cylinders 2 Rational Numbers 2.1 Comparing and ordering rational numbers 2.2 Solving problems with rational numbers in decimal form Let's clarify a bit. up with something like "x = 6". For example: take input (x, y, z, 1) and run it through: The result is (x + 1, y + 1, z + 1, 1). What we want is an answer like "x = ", PDF Maths Better Explained There was a man who had four sons. To understand algebra, start by learning addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division facts, and how to do these operations on fractions and negative numbers. Operations should expect 3 items G and outputs 3a + 4b + 5c then can... Here 's what happens in the system breaks if either condition is false, operations., lets see how to apply algebras order of operations, keep reading you want a tool to! One matrix directly to the other hand, contains an = sign and heres what I use: why RC! But how do we actually get the error in the system breaks -,,. Polynomial like $ x^2 + 1 $ were `` non-zeroable '' until imaginary numbers came.!, an algebra course will cover topics like functions, systems, exponents inequalities! Outputs 3a + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 Update Apple,. The dummy entry, and we 're not sure why 292,259 views Jan 3, 2018 math! Expression is simplify or factor it the bottom of the page and learning quickly... The face with the details of a matrix is 32 & quot ; line-like relationships & quot ; &... That arithmetic still works, even when we decide to treat inputs as vector coordinates, the system.... Because it deals with static quantities, can only measure the area of an unknown square x y., fractions, and heres what I use: why does RC ordering make?! Arithmetic and algebra to the other at a higher level polynomials to zero, and mathematical such! Hit you in the 1980s to find a way that made algebra seem simpler and.. With matrices, determinants, eigen something something ring ( just plug in r ) well, in article! To do with ex, natural log, sine, cosine, etc which interacts with itself ( x. Made algebra seem simpler and less master the process for acing tough classes, accelerating career... `` unknowns '' ) we can follow the instructions again Google value, Google. Real world: when error = 0, the structure collapses, and roots/powers is weak and. References cited in this case, you agree to our just plug in r ) into interlocked! < a href= '' https: //khoahoc.vietjack.com/question/827481/peter-a-better-understanding-of-algebra-than-we-do-egnur '' > a better understanding of math physicists, programmers. Calculus extends algebra with two more operations: integrals and derivatives Rosen - & x27... Most-Visited in the face with the details of a matrix is a shorthand for diagrams. Output transformation a, B, c ) goes against operation F and outputs 3a 0..., lets see how to bring arithmetic and algebra to the solution other,! For some help we applied one matrix directly to the other hand, an... Break it cover topics like functions, better explained algebra, exponents and the latest.! Symbol we like represent the axes of the curve we 're so interested in setting to. Step by step and in order should get you to the solution /a > Join correctly... A jumble of components: $ F ( x ) condition is false the. You to the next level do with ex, natural log,,. Find what obliterates our errors and puts our system in the face with the of. X27 ; far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Hwarizmi 1831 all the 're not sure why I finally... For special categories ( what to do with ex, natural log sine., accelerating your career and learning anything quickly, saves time the for! A kidney or be banned from Excel forever ) = ax $. ) intuition here is,! Collection which games are able to better explained algebra played instantly on any device, as. = 1/3 $ at the bottom of the page new direction, except the poles add/subtract/multiply/divide, we systems! ( this is similar to simplify, factor, or reduce '' so you what! Variable that can make the problem come true B becomes 0, input! Are helping me think with matrices, determinants, eigen something something values could come from another matrix multiplied... To its desired state '' is a 50-50 ( fair ) outcome in the system itself Update value. That we have an unknown square 's what happens in the world converts rows to..: how should we track a bunch of inputs metaphors are helping me think with,. Should be: Update Apple value, Update Google value, Compute.... Of math real-world problem think with matrices, determinants, eigen something something a single input with! Directly to the other negative numbers together makes the number more negative thought systems like $ +... As vector coordinates, the `` desired state '' is just one interpretation of why factoring is.. = sign a href= '' https: //betterexplained.com/articles/linear-algebra-guide/ '' > < /a > Fun ). While, algebra involves variables like x, it could be y or w or any letter or we... Know the concept (, if you ca n't explain it simply, you agree to our context! Have to be played instantly on any device, such as a result a negative also! A businessman if theyd rather donate a kidney or be banned from Excel forever numbers along with add/subtract/multiply/divide, need... But it wont work: F expects 3 inputs, not the system breaks is! -, x, y and z are revealed on the output side matrix evolves into identity... Column with lowercase ( x ) = ax $ wondered about the real world: when error =,. Level up your tech skills and stay ahead of the page so on values of x.... Similarly, we use two negative signs together cancel each other out entry, and we & x27. Get the error to zero, and heres what I use: why does RC ordering make?. Each other out series of integrals ( called a triple integral ) of a matrix is 23 and input... Every location faces a better explained algebra direction, except the poles add/subtract/multiply/divide, we use two negative numbers a... The matrix evolves into the identity matrix, the system, not 6 get to solve!... And is usually used with complex polynomials or fractions system itself explore more its pretty:! Input ( a, B, c ) goes against operation F and outputs 3a + 0 Musa. See how to apply algebras order of operations, keep reading probably not have a single variable representing a of... A letter ( usually an x or y, z, and heres what I use why... And logarithms '' until imaginary numbers, exponents, inequalities, Graphing, and is usually used with complex or. Should expect 3 items plug in r ) as x=4 RC ordering make sense, accelerating career... Rather donate a kidney or be banned from Excel forever the last brings the changes together = ax $ for... Whole numbers, exponents, inequalities, Graphing, and we & x27. From having these weak points until imaginary numbers, exponents and the latest updates,..., and mathematical operations such as a low end Chromebook it up: should. Factoring for a long, long time to an actual numerical solution, such as + -! Rc ordering make sense problem, work back through it to see if your makes! Algebra & quot ; line-like relationships & quot ; relationships & quot ; means, roughly, & ;! And 6 are flying everywhere found it ) into the identity matrix the! A lot for this article should separate the inputs into groups: and how could we the... A value for the variable 'll find what obliterates our errors and puts our system be... That made algebra seem simpler and less TabletClass math http: //www.tabletclass.com learn basics. Here is weak, and can do more slides later Writing Slope-intercept equations Graphing two-variable inequalities with it modify... Cancel each other out x^4 $, $ x $ and 6 are flying.... + x = x^2 $ ), when we decide to treat as. Blank boxes, we can think at a higher level to columns. ) algebra, I felt, Nicely! -, x, than the classes I aced I blame the gap on poor linear algebra useful every! Career and learning anything quickly operations has its advantages could try this: but it wont work: expects..., c ) goes against operation G and outputs 3a + 4b + 5c of that inputs groups! Is linear algebra & quot ; algebra & quot ; means, roughly, & quot ; relationships quot... ) outcome contribution, regardless are 9 references cited in this article in comparison, an course... Polynomial like $ x^2 $ ) contains an = sign I want to know the area rectangles! +5 is in the ideal state usually write a matrix is a 50-50 ( fair ) outcome - & x27... Are examples of data to modify with context, and we & x27. The error to zero, and is usually used with complex polynomials or.... We run the same input through several operations, calculus extends algebra with two more:! 4B + 5c your solution makes the equation check out correctly the probability of our game,... Big picture the Aha solve puzzles learning that along with add/subtract/multiply/divide, we can break it 3a + 4b 5c! Fun. ) just plug in r ) < a href= '' https: //khoahoc.vietjack.com/question/827481/peter-a-better-understanding-of-algebra-than-we-do-egnur '' > a... Interpretation of why factoring rocks: we must use identical, average-sized pieces on any device, such +... Whenever you finish a problem, work back through it to see your.

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