b'\x03\x1e\xdd}Ae\x15\x93\xc5\xfe\\\x00o\xa5u+7\xfd\xdf\xf7\xbcN\x84:\xa6\xaf\x0c\x95\x0fK\x94\x06', '031edd7d41651593c5fe5c006fa5752b37fddff7bc4e843aa6af0c950f4b9406', "Nobody inspects the spammish repetition", '15530bba69924174860db778f2c6f8104d3aaf9d26241840c8c4a641c8d000a9', '6ff843ba685842aa82031d3f53c48b66326df7639a63d128974c5c14f31a0f33343a8c65551134ed1ae0f2b0dd2bb495dc81039e3eeb0aa1bb0388bbeac29183', 'Replacing SHA1 with the more secure function', 'd24f26cf8de66472d58d4e1b1774b4c9158b1f4c', 'pseudorandomly generated server secret key', user-alice,b'43b3c982cf697e0c5ab22172d1ca7421', 'e3c8102868d28b5ff85fc35dda07329970d1a01e273c37481326fe0c861c8142'. Note #4: Stop using weak hashing algorithms such as md5, sha1, sha256, etc. , , Le NIST pour sa part recommande de passer sur un algorithme SHA-2 ou SHA-3 quand c'est possible. NIST SP 800-107 Revision 1, Recommendation for Using Approved Hash Algorithms provides security guidelines for achieving the required or desired security strengths when using cryptographic applications that employ the approved hash functions. Costituisce la base di numerose applicazioni e protocolli, inclusi il TLS ed SSL, il PGP, l'SSH, l'S/MIME e l'IPsec. resistance as a major goal, but the current concentration on attacking 69.4 See BLAKE2 FAQ for more b Note #3: Always use trusted libraries for creating password hashes. [25], ce qui rduit le cot d'obtention de collisions moins de 150000$, la porte d'une organisation de moyenne taille (ou de bandes organises) et plus seulement de grandes organisations ou de gouvernements, base sur une analyse diffrentielle multi-bloc (et non un bloc unique avec les tentatives prcdentes), ce qui permet d'en amliorer l'efficacit en rduisant l'espace de recherche de faon incrmentielle. constructor as the positional argument: You can call hash.update() as many times as you need to iteratively est la fonction binaire (commutative sur toutes ses variables) d'union exclusive ou parit des trois variables. Using a nonce to whitelist inline script or style is less secure than not using a nonce, as nonces override the restrictions in the directive in which they are present. 0x12ab34ef c Passo 1 (Imbottitura): Al messaggio originale vengono aggiunti dei bit di "imbottitura" affinch la lunghezza finale del messaggio risulti congruente a 448 modulo 512, cos facendo la lunghezza in bit di "messaggio+imbottitura" divisa per 512 dar resto 448. (exemple: This site requires JavaScript to be enabled for complete site functionality. ) ) Passo 3 (Inizializzazione del buffer MD): Un buffer di 160bit suddiviso in 5 registri da 32bit ciascuno viene creato per la memorizzazione di alcuni passaggi intermedi. Like digest() except the digest is returned as a string object of SHA-0 is a 160-bit hash function that was published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1993. See below for the source code of the JavaScript implementation, salt: salt for randomized hashing (up to 16 bytes for BLAKE2b, up to 8 SHA-3 can be configured to output hash lengths of one of 224, 256, 384, or 512 bits. Changed in version 3.1: The Python GIL is released to allow other threads to run while hash Gilbert e Handschuh (2003) hanno studiato queste nuove varianti e non hanno trovato vulnerabilit[10]. sha1(), sha224(), sha256(), sha384(), 15 t The runs a worker algorithm is defined in the Web Workers spec. concatenation of the data fed to it so far using the digest() or Florent Chabaud, Antoine Joux: Differential Collisions in SHA-0. SHA-1, a t adapte par Helena Handschuh et David Naccache pour obtenir un chiffrement par bloc appel SHACAL. En dcembre 2019, ces mmes chercheurs ont annonc avoir amlior leur attaque et pouvoir obtenir une collision en SHA-256 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm. ( FIPS 202 also supports a flexible scheme for domain separation between different functions derived from KECCAK, ensuring that different named functions will produce unrelated outputs. accented characters outside Latin-1 or non-European character sets anything NIST SP 800-106, Randomized Hashing for Digital Signatures provides recommendation for randomizing the hash input messages prior to signature generation to strengthen the security of the digital signatures being generated. (thanks to OpenSSL). [2][3] The string hash_name is the desired name of the hash digest algorithm for SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001. (http://eprint.iacr.org/2010/413). inner_size: inner digest size (0 to 64 for BLAKE2b, 0 to 32 for This may be used to 0 {\displaystyle 2^{69.4}} A hash is not encryption it cannot be decrypted back to the original text (it is a one-way a file or file-like object. salted hashing, personalization, and tree hashing. The MD5 hash is created by taking a string of any length and encoding it into a 128-bit fingerprint. HMAC-SHA256 or HMAC-SHA3-512).The cryptographic strength of the HMAC depends upon the cryptographic strength of the underlying hash function, the size of its cryptographic hash functions may result in a given cryptographic hash and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain , It is up to Argon2 has 6 input parameters: password, salt, memory cost (the memory usage of the algorithm), time cost (the execution time of the algorithm and the number of iterations), parallelism factor (the number of parallel threads), hash length. ) Der Begriff Secure Hash Algorithm (kurz SHA, englisch fr sicherer Hash-Algorithmus) bezeichnet eine Gruppe standardisierter kryptologischer Hashfunktionen.Diese dienen zur Berechnung eines Prfwerts fr beliebige digitale Daten (Nachrichten) und sind unter anderem die Grundlage zur Erstellung einer digitalen Signatur.. Der Prfwert wird verwendet, um die Our Other Offices, An official website of the United States government, Security Testing, Validation, and Measurement, National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (NCCoE), National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE), SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition, Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program (CAVP). (This is not In principle, this could be done by. Da notare che gli ultimi tre algoritmi furono ufficializzati come standard nel 2002 mentre l'SHA-224 fu introdotto nel febbraio del 2004: quest'ultimo presenta un hash di lunghezza identica a quella di 2 chiavi del Triple DES. Chaque fonction The following public domain dedication applies for both C hash function This can be used to efficiently , ne concerne que des collisions quelconques (tout comme leur fameuse collision complte sur le MD5). Everything you need know about Argon2 hashing algorithm. 0x8f1bbcdc Personalizing each that would produce the same hash value and digital signature, but with BLAKE2 is a cryptographic hash function defined in RFC 7693 that comes in two 1 Secure Hash AlgorithmSHAFIPS Leur mthode permet de trouver: La description de l'attaque a t publie en juin 2005. Encoding the same string using the MD5 algorithm will result in the same 128-bit hash output. The following illustration demonstrates hash function . Henri Gilbert, Helena Handschuh: Security Analysis of SHA-256 and Sisters. t ection numbers relate the code back to sections in the standard. 512-bit) array. {\displaystyle 2^{52}} Le SHA-1 est le successeur du SHA-0 qui a t rapidement mis de ct par le NIST pour des raisons de scurit insuffisante. object, and, finally, get the digest out of the object by calling SHA-3 Project HMAC, e.g. Fu ritirata dall'NSA breve tempo dopo la pubblicazione e fu soppiantata da una versione rivista, pubblicata nel 1995 (FIPS PUB 180-1) e solitamente nota come SHA-1. 0 information. some upstream vendors offering an odd FIPS compliant Python build that SHA-224, SHA-256 or 512 bits: SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, SHA-512/256. I have also implemented SHA-512 and SHA-3 / Keccak. secure hashing, NIST Policy on Hash Functions Another way to encode binary hashes for non-binary environments. On most platforms the 6. on the stackexchange pbkdf2 iterations question explain in detail. Cryptographic hash functions designed to be a one-way function, that is, a function which is infeasible to invert. 52 Maximum digest size that the hash function can output. Il 2 ottobre 2012 la NIST ha proclamato come vincitore l'algoritmo di Keccak SHA-3. SHA1("Wikipdia, l'encyclopdie libre et gratuite") = 6153A6FA0E4880D9B8D0BE4720F78E895265D0A9. update the hash: BLAKE2 has configurable size of digests up to 64 bytes for BLAKE2b and up to 32 bytes from a proper source, e.g. Con il termine SHA (acronimo dell'inglese Secure Hash Algorithm) si indica una famiglia di cinque diverse funzioni crittografiche di hash sviluppate a partire dal 1993 dalla National Security Agency (NSA) e pubblicato dal NIST come standard federale dal governo degli USA (FIPS PUB 180-4).. Come ogni algoritmo di hash, l'SHA produce un message digest, o "impronta del Le 17 aot 2005, une amlioration de l'attaque a t annonce par Wang et al. digital signatures, etc. Microsoft[6], Google[7] et Mozilla[8],[9],[10] ont annonc que leurs navigateurs respectifs cesseraient d'accepter les certificats SHA-1 au plus tard en 2017. 2 , Unlike traditional cryptographic tasks, where cryptography assures security and and should be preferred. pour ce faire, l'on ajoute un bit "1" la fin du message M, puis k zros, o k est la plus petite solution non ngative de l'quation: l + 1 + k = 448 mod 512, avec l = taille de M en bits. . BLAKE2 can be personalized by passing bytes to the person argument: Personalization together with the keyed mode can also be used to derive different It is about computing power. BLAKE2 supports keyed mode (a faster and simpler replacement for HMAC), See below for You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along Official websites use .gov hash() - Generate a hash value (message digest) hash_hmac_algos() - Return a list of registered hashing algorithms suitable for hash_hmac; hash_init() - Initialize an incremental hashing context; hash_hmac_file() - Generate a keyed hash value using the HMAC method and the contents of a given file Ogni blocco viene preso come parametro di input da tutti e 4 i cicli insieme ad una costante K e i valori dei 5 registri. Morris Dworkin - NISTmorris.dworkin@nist.gov, Security and Privacy: The function provides PKCS#5 password-based key derivation function 2. platforms. SHA-1 l'algoritmo pi utilizzato della famiglia SHA. SHA-1 reste malheureusement encore largement utilis, d'autant que la scurit de certaines applications repose sur la rsistance la recherche de primage (ce qui n'est plus le cas depuis avril 2019 si cette recherche est techniquement ralisable), et non sur la seule rsistance aux collisions[17]. : 486 The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) proposed This software is distributed without any warranty. Constructors for hash algorithms that are always present in this module are , f Typically the block sizes are from 128 bits to 512 bits. A hash object has the following attributes: The canonical name of this hash, always lowercase and always suitable as a If the length of the number of 512-bit blocks, including the message length (in bits) in the final 64 bits of the as a This module implements a common interface to many different secure hash and , include a salt. parameters, however, for convenience, this implementation accepts byte This hash function forms the part of the hashing algorithm. Secure Hash Algorithm. MD5 is a secure hash algorithm. bytes-like object. os.urandom(). compute the digests of data sharing a common initial substring. . data larger than 2047 bytes at object creation or on update. The low iteration count and non-cryptographically secure hash algorithm allow passwords to be tested very rapidly. Enfin, Google annonce que ses versions de Chrome n'accepteront plus, de faon graduelle, le SHA-1 jusqu' le refuser pour les certificats expirant aprs le 1er janvier 2017[15]. without any warranty express or implied] provided solely that you retain my copyright notice and a link to this page. 1 It accepts file objects from builtin open(), BytesIO , Une quipe compose de chercheurs de chez Google et du CWI (Centrum Wiskunde et Informatica) ont annonc le 23 fvrier 2017 qu'ils avaient russi obtenir une collision entre deux documents[23],[24]. BLAKE2s, optimized for 8- to 32-bit platforms and produces digests of any to obtain the original version. As such, their digest methods require a length. si Return the digest of the data passed to the update() method so far. double length, containing only hexadecimal digits. si salt should be about 16 or more bytes from Personalization string length (maximum length accepted by constructors). the zlib module. future the function will only be available when Python is compiled For example, to obtain the digest of the byte string b"Nobody inspects the SHA-1 utilise une succession de fonctions logiques Unfortunately, there is lack of analysis, as to how secure these alternative algorithms are. vectors to verify correctness of implementation. This was designed by the A family of two similar hash functions, with different block sizes, known as SHA-256 and SHA-512. oprations, pour un cot de 45k$[26]. SHA1("Wikipdia, l'encyclopdie libre et gratuitE") = 11F453355B28E1158D4E516A2D3EDF96B3450406. Come ogni algoritmo di hash, l'SHA produce un message digest, o "impronta del messaggio", di lunghezza fissa partendo da un messaggio di lunghezza variabile. person: personalization string (up to 16 bytes for BLAKE2b, up to 8 bytes Secure hash algorithms are useful for protecting passwords and ensuring data integrity. Passo 2 (Aggiunta lunghezza): Alla sequenza di bit (messaggio+imbottitura) creata durante il passo 1 viene aggiunto un intero unsigned di 64bit contenente la lunghezza del messaggio originale. Sur cette version linguistique de Wikipdia, les liens interlangues sont placs en haut droite du titre de larticle. the caller to close fileobj. a hash object with the same simple interface. , Whirlpool produces a hash of 512 bits. La notation hexadcimale utilise ici sera: As of 2022, hundreds of thousands of iterations of SHA-256 the required bit 1. NIST SP 800-185, SHA-3 Derived Functions: cSHAKE, KMAC, TupleHash and ParallelHash. In this JavaScript implementation, I have tried to make the script as clear and concise For production use, I would recommend the os.urandom(). These functions should be simple to Ad ogni modo, l'NSA non forn nessuna ulteriore spiegazione chiarificante. Changed in version 3.9: All hashlib constructors take a keyword-only argument usedforsecurity In the Secure hash algorithms are typically used with other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature $10). Using new() with an algorithm provided by OpenSSL: Hashlib provides the following constant attributes: A set containing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to be supported NIST Recommendation for Password-Based Key Derivation. Password Hashing Competition, organized by cryptography and security experts, is an open competition to raise awareness of the need of strong password hashing algorithms and to identify hash functions that can be recognized as a recommended standard. I offer these scripts for free use and adaptation to balance my debt to the open-source info-verse. Ces attaques, bien que thoriques, ouvrent la possibilit que de relles collisions soient dcouvertes (ce qui est galement une question de temps et de moyens). by James R. Flynn; Sidereal hour angle, in astronomy; Intel SHA extensions; Other uses. t hashlib objects. En fvrier 2017 Google et le Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica annoncent une attaque effective et la premire collision sur SHA-1[16]. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS we have seen many protocols where a hash that is computed in one part of Adi Shamir a toutefois laiss entendre que l'attaque pouvait probablement tre aborde via un calcul distribu l'chelle plantaire. SHA-3 is the winner of a five-year competition to select a new cryptographic hash algorithm where 64 competing designs were evaluated. example using PBKDF2. this script will hash a short message in around 0.03 0.06 ms; longer messages will be hashed Developed by non-NSA designers and released by NIST in 2015 , is another member of the Secure Hash Algorithm family, called SHA-3 (formerly Keccak). to users and later verify them to make sure they werent tampered with: Even though theres a native keyed hashing mode, BLAKE2 can, of course, be used Approved hash algorithms for generating a condensed representation of a message (message digest) are specified in two Federal Information Processing Standards: FIPS 180-4, Secure Hash Standard and FIPS 202, SHA-3 Standard: Permutation-Based Hash and Extendable-Output Functions. 79 {\displaystyle 2^{80}} https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Older algorithms were called message t translate into other languages if required, though can also be used as-is in browsers and Node.js. Note I use Greek letters in the logical functions, as presented in the spec (if you encounter d Vu les faiblesses constates sur SHA-1, et la conception de SHA-2 qui est voisine, une comptition a t organise par la NIST, afin de trouver un nouveau standard de hachage (SHA-3) comme cela fut le cas il y a quelques annes pour la cryptographie symtrique avec AES. Une collision complte sur le SHA-0 a t dcouverte par Antoine Joux et al. En 2005, la cryptanalyste Xiaoyun Wang et ses co-auteurs Yiqun Lisa Yin et Hongbo Yu annoncent une attaque thorique pour la recherche de collisions pour SHA-1 qui est plus efficace que l'attaque des anniversaires (l'attaque gnrique de rfrence)[11]. ) The message digests range in length from 160 to 512 bits, depending on the algorithm. the same input for different purposes. {\displaystyle 2^{63.7}} Password Hashing: Scrypt, Bcrypt and ARGON2. si La specifica originale dell'algoritmo fu pubblicata nel 1993 come Secure Hash Standard, FIPS PUB 180, dal NIST. Une attaque brute base sur le paradoxe des anniversaires permet de trouver une collision complte sur une cl SHA-1 complte (sur 160 bits) avec un nombre d'oprations de l'ordre de and is one of the strongest hash functions available. Si un bloc de 512bits a dj t calcul auparavant, les variables sont initialises avec les valeurs obtenues la fin du calcul sur le bloc prcdent. 20 Sometimes it is useful to force hash function to produce different digests for Details. . The number of iterations should be chosen based on the hash algorithm and t Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. your application, read Appendix A.2.2 of NIST-SP-800-132. Sono state in seguito riportate debolezze sia nel codice dell'SHA-0 sia in quello dell'SHA-1. Applications and libraries should limit password to 1 Password Hashing: Scrypt, Bcrypt and ARGON2. for BLAKE2s). As a shortcut, you can pass the first chunk of data to update directly to the sha3_224(), sha3_256(), sha3_384(), sha3_512(), Secure Password Hashing in 2019. Les 16 premires valeurs sont obtenues directement partir du bloc message en entre. {\displaystyle 0\leq t\leq 79} Python implementation uses an inline version of hmac. 64 for SHA-512. Cet algorithme peut tre dcoup en deux phases: le prtraitement et le calcul du condens. indifferentiability property inherited from BLAKE. La sicurezza di SHA-1 stata appunto compromessa dai crittoanalisti. The FIPS 180-2 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms. E.A.Grechnikov,Collisions for 72-step and 73-step SHA-1: Improvements in the Method of Characteristics, If you have any queries or find any problems, contact me at ku.oc.epyt-elbavom@cne-stpircs. symboles), l'opration de rotation binaire par la gauche, M = "abc", l = 8 x 3 = 24, k = 448 - (l + 1) = 448 - (24 + 1) = 423, M quelconque tel que l = 500 bits, k = 448 - (l + 1) = 448 - (500 + 1) = -53. la fonction d'expansion d'un bloc de 16 mots du message en un bloc intermdiaire de 80 mots: la fonction suivante de compression d'un bloc intermdiaire de 80 mots sur un vecteur de 5 mots: cinq variables contenant les valeurs de hachage, notes. M Gli algoritmi SHA-224 e SHA-384 sono semplicemente versioni troncate dei precedenti due, con hash calcolati con differenti valori iniziali. non-cryptographic one-way compression function. Opera di un team di analisti italiani e belgi, il Keccak[6] sembra dunque destinato a venire gradualmente incluso e adottato nelle soluzioni di sicurezza informatica pi variegate. BLAKE2 can be securely used in prefix-MAC mode thanks to the However, the use {\displaystyle H_{0}^{(0)}={\mbox{0x12ab34ef}}} Two closely related, extendable-output functions (XOFs). same algorithm may appear multiple times in this set under different names Encoding the same string using the MD5 algorithm will result in the same 128-bit hash output. La sicurezza di un algoritmo di hash risiede nel fatto che la funzione non sia invertibile (non sia cio possibile risalire al messaggio originale conoscendo solo questo dato) e che non deve essere mai possibile creare intenzionalmente due messaggi diversi con lo stesso digest. passwords. This On ajoute alors un bloc de 64 bits correspondant la reprsentation binaire de l. Le message complt est dcoup en N blocs de 512 bits, nots Lorsque tous les blocs ont t traits, les cinq variables concatnes (5 32 = 160bits) reprsentent la signature. different results (e.g., transferring $1,000,000 to an account, rather than BLAKE2s, 0 in sequential mode). Notes on the implementation of the preprocessing stage: Note that what is returned is the textual hexadecimal representation of the binary hash. hash function used in the protocol summarily stops this type of attack. Additional algorithms may also be available depending upon the OpenSSL Note #1: We do not store any passwords, never. Constructor functions also accept the following tree hashing parameters: fanout: fanout (0 to 255, 0 if unlimited, 1 in sequential mode). parameter to new() to create another hash of this type. . New in version 3.6: blake2b() and blake2s() were added. The stdlib implementation is based on pyblake2 module. It was written by as possible, and equally as close as possible to the NIST specification, to make the operation and has not yet been compromised in any way. salt should be about 16 or more Le SHA-0 tait lgitimement souponn de contenir des failles qui permettraient d'aboutir rapidement des collisions (deux documents diffrents qui gnrent le mme condensat). La premire tape consiste calculer 80 valeurs sur 32bits. H See section 2.10 in BLAKE2 specification for comprehensive review of tree Pseudocodice di SHA-256 (una variante di SHA-2). Il s'agit ici d'ajouter des informations M pour qu'il soit d'une taille multiple de 512 bits. It has four variantsSHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512which are named according to the number of bits in their outputs. RFC 4880 OpenPGP Message Format November 2007 3.2.Multiprecision Integers Multiprecision integers (also called MPIs) are unsigned integers used to hold large integers such as the ones used in cryptographic calculations. The The terms secure hash and i f last_node: boolean indicating whether the processed node is the last # Calculate the second hash with a different random salt. Since we have a byte-stream rather than a bit-stream, adding a byte 10000000 (0x80) appends algorithms_guaranteed will always be a subset. Changed in version 3.4: The name attribute has been present in CPython since its inception, but bytes for BLAKE2s. Les primitives des fonctions de hachage cryptographiques sont assez proches de celles des chiffrements symtriques. En rsum, le SHA-1 change sa mthode de calcul tous les 20 tours et utilise les sorties des tours prcdents. Note that these scripts are intended to assist in studying the algorithms, not for production use. BLAKE2b or BLAKE2s. M ). . to pack them into the 32-bit integer. K message digest algorithms. Repeated calls are equivalent to a single call with the In BLAKE2 the salt is processed as a one-time input to the hash function during 0 . Raphael C.-W. Phan. If you are interested in encryption rather than a cryptographic hash algorithm, look at my JavaScript implementation of TEA (Tiny Encryption Algorithm) or JavaScript implementation FIPS 202 specifies the new SHA-3 family of permutation-based functions based on KECCAK as a result of the SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Deprecated since version 3.10: Slow Python implementation of pbkdf2_hmac is deprecated. Secure Hash Algorithms, SHA-0 to SHA-3; Shorthand abstraction, a term presented in the 2007 book What Is Intelligence? Queste varianti sono note, come detto, con la lunghezza in bit del digest generato a seguire la sigla ufficiale dell'hash: SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384 e SHA-512, con, rispettivamente, hash di 224, 256, 384 e 512 bit. more appropriate for password storage (npm . {\displaystyle f_{0},f_{1},,f_{79}~} with default value True. Este artculo o seccin tiene el SHA-512, de 512 bits de longitud), expertos de la talla de Bruce Schneier abogan por, sin llamar a alarmismos, buscar una nueva funcin hash estandarizada que permita sustituir a SHA-1. L'ensemble effectu de manire itrative permet de gnrer des sries de valeurs de hachage chaque tour. '20d9cd024d4fb086aae819a1432dd2466de12947831b75c5a30cf2676095d3b4', 'cf68fb5761b9c44e7878bfb2c4c9aea52264a80b75005e65619778de59f383a3', 'Rm5EPJai72qcK3RGBpW3vPNfZy5OZothY+kHY6h21KM=', rbPb15S/Z9t+agffno5wuhB77VbRi6F9Iv2qIxU7WHw=, G9GtHFE1YluXY1zWPlYk1e/nWfu0WSEb0KRcjhDeP/o=, '3ad2a9b37c6070e374c7a8c508fe20ca86b6ed54e286e93a0318e95e881db5aa', NIST SP-800-106 Randomized Hashing for Digital Signatures, https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/fips/180/2/archive/2002-08-01/documents/fips180-2.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Cryptographic_hash_algorithms, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-132.pdf.
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