I was born here. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. 1) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. Based on what we. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). Deanne K. Bird. Physical Geography Case Study. We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. ADS These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. The authors declare no competing interests. The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. Report to ICAO-June 2012. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. CAS While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). 7. These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Responses. This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. Sociol Theory 19:123, Article All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. Stakeholders in the air traffic. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. It is important to note that these networks have become more accessible and much greater with the advent of social media and the reliance on it for risk and crisis communication (Bird et al., 2012, Sennert et al., 2015), notwithstanding the challenges that brings. Up to that point, very few people outside of Iceland or the volcanological community had heard of Eyjafjallajkull, but this volcano has arguably had a greater global impact than any in Iceland since the huge Laki eruption of 1783, which resulted in short-term climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere . The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. People feeling that they didnt get enough information. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. Springer, New York, MATH Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. We of course ran to the TV and turned it on and turned on the computers and [motions typing on keyboard] and made phone calls and we had phones calls and then we tried to get more information from the television mostly and the internet and when we didnt get any more information we just went to bed. Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. Something went wrong thenbut our kids in Reykjavk, college students, they got an alarm. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. 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